Georges Perec
Born : 7 March 1936 / Paris, France
Died : 3 March 1982 (aged 45) / Ivry-sur-Seine, France
Occupation : Novelist, filmmaker, essayist
Language : French
Spouse : Paulette Petras
Georges Perec (French: [peʁɛk, pɛʁɛk]; March 7, 1936 – March 3, 1982) was a French novelist, filmmaker, documentalist, and essayist. He was a member of the Oulipo group. His father died as a soldier early in the Second World War and his mother was murdered in the Holocaust, and many of his works deal with absence, loss, and identity, often through word play.
Early life
Born in a working-class district of Paris, Perec was the only son of Icek Judko and Cyrla (Schulewicz) Peretz, Polish Jews who had emigrated to France in the 1920s. He was a distant relative of the Yiddish writer Isaac Leib Peretz. Perec's father, who enlisted in the French Army during World War II, died in 1940 from untreated gunfire or shrapnel wounds, and his mother perished in the Nazi Holocaust, probably in Auschwitz sometime after 1943. Perec was taken into the care of his paternal aunt and uncle in 1942, and in 1945 he was formally adopted by them.
Career
Perec started writing reviews and essays for La Nouvelle Revue française and Les Lettres nouvelles (fr), prominent literary publications, while studying history and sociology at the Sorbonne. In 1958/59 Perec served in the army as a paratrooper (XVIIIe Régiment de Chasseurs Parachutistes), and married Paulette Petras after being discharged. They spent one year (1960/1961) in Sfax, Tunisia, where Paulette worked as a teacher; these experiences are reflected in Things: A Story of the Sixties, which is about a young Parisian couple who also spend a year in Sfax.
In 1961 Perec began working at the Neurophysiological Research Laboratory in the unit's research library funded by the CNRS and attached to the Hôpital Saint-Antoine as an archivist, a low-paid position which he retained until 1978. A few reviewers have noted that the daily handling of records and varied data may have had an influence on his literary style. In any case, Perec's work on the reassessment of the academic journals under subscription was influenced by a talk about the handling of scientific information given by Eugene Garfield in Paris and he was introduced to Marshall McLuhan by Jean Duvignaud. Perec's other major influence was the Oulipo, which he joined in 1967, meeting Raymond Queneau, among others. Perec dedicated his masterpiece, La Vie mode d'emploi (Life a User's Manual) to Queneau, who died before it was published.
Perec began working on a series of radio plays with his translator Eugen Helmle and the musician Philippe Drogoz (de) in the late 60s; less than a decade later, he was making films. His first work, based on his novel Un Homme qui dort, was co-directed by Bernard Queysanne (fr), and won him the Prix Jean Vigo in 1974. Perec also created crossword puzzles for Le Point from 1976 on.
La Vie mode d'emploi (1978) brought Perec some financial and critical success—it won the Prix Médicis—and allowed him to turn to writing full-time. He was a writer in residence at the University of Queensland, Australia, in 1981, during which time he worked on the unfinished 53 Jours (53 Days). Shortly after his return from Australia, his health deteriorated. A heavy smoker, he was diagnosed with lung cancer. He died the following year in Ivry-sur-Seine, only forty-five years old; his ashes are held at the columbarium of the Père Lachaise Cemetery.
Work
Many of Perec's novels and essays abound with experimental word play, lists and attempts at classification, and they are usually tinged with melancholy.
Perec's first novel Les Choses: Une Histoire des Années Soixante (Things: A Story of the Sixties) (1965) was awarded the Prix Renaudot.
Perec's most famous novel La Vie mode d'emploi (Life a User's Manual) was published in 1978. Its title page describes it as "novels", in the plural, the reasons for which become apparent on reading. La Vie mode d'emploi is a tapestry of interwoven stories and ideas as well as literary and historical allusions, based on the lives of the inhabitants of a fictitious Parisian apartment block. It was written according to a complex plan of writing constraints, and is primarily constructed from several elements, each adding a layer of complexity. The 99 chapters of his 600-page novel, move like a knight's tour of a chessboard around the room plan of the building, describing the rooms and stairwell and telling the stories of the inhabitants. At the end, it is revealed that the whole book actually takes place in a single moment, with a final twist that is an example of "cosmic irony". It was translated into English by David Bellos in 1987, and has since been classified as a major example of postmodern fiction.
Perec is noted for his constrained writing. His 300-page novel La disparition (1969) is a lipogram, written without ever using the letter "e". It has been translated into English by Gilbert Adair under the title A Void (1994). The silent disappearance of the letter might be considered a metaphor for the Jewish experience during the Second World War. Since the name "Georges Perec" is full of "e"s, the disappearance of the letter also ensures the author's own "disappearance". His novella Les revenentes (1972) is a complementary univocalic piece in which the letter "e" is the only vowel used. This constraint affects even the title, which would conventionally be spelt Revenantes. An English translation by Ian Monk was published in 1996 as The Exeter Text: Jewels, Secrets, Sex in the collection Three. It has been remarked by Jacques Roubaud that these two novels draw words from two disjoint sets of the French language, and that a third novel would be possible, made from the words not used so far (those containing both "e" and a vowel other than "e").
W ou le souvenir d'enfance, (W, or the Memory of Childhood, 1975) is a semi-autobiographical work which is hard to classify. Two alternating narratives make up the volume: one, a fictional outline of a remote island country called "W", at first appears to be a utopian society modeled on the Olympic ideal, but is gradually exposed as a horrifying, totalitarian prison much like a concentration camp. The second narrative is a description of Perec's own childhood during and after World War II. Both narratives converge towards the end, highlighting the common theme of the Holocaust.
"Cantatrix sopranica L. Scientific Papers" is a spoof scientific paper detailing experiments on the "yelling reaction" provoked in sopranos by pelting them with rotten tomatoes. All the references in the paper are multi-lingual puns and jokes, e.g. "(Karybb & Szyla, 1973)".
David Bellos, who has translated several of Perec's works, wrote an extensive biography of Perec: Georges Perec: A Life in Words, which won the Académie Goncourt's bourse for biography in 1994.
The Association Georges Perec has extensive archives on the author in Paris.
In 1992 Perec's initially rejected novel Gaspard pas mort (Gaspard not dead), which was believed to be lost, was found by David Bellos amongst papers in the house of Perec's friend Alain Guérin (fr). The novel was reworked several times and retitled Le Condottière (fr) and published in 2012; its English translation by Bellos followed in 2014 as Portrait of a Man after the 1475 painting of that name by Antonello da Messina.
Honours
Asteroid no. 2817, discovered in 1982, was named after Perec. In 1994, a street in the 20th arrondissement of Paris was named after him, rue Georges-Perec (fr). The French postal service issued a stamp in 2002 in his honour; it was designed by Marc Taraskoff and engraved by Pierre Albuisson. For his work, Perec won the Prix Renaudot in 1965, the Prix Jean Vigo in 1974, the Prix Médicis in 1978. He was featured as a Google Doodle on his 80th birthday.
조르주 페렉
[Georges Perec]
조르주 페렉(Georges Perec, 1936~1982)은 20세기 후반 프랑스 문학을 대표하는 작가, 비평가, 영화제작자. 1936년 파리에서 태어나, 노동자 계급 거주지에서 어린 시절을 보냈다. 양친은 1920년대 폴란드에서 파리로 이주한 유대인이었다. 아버지는 제2차 세계대전에 참전해 1940년 전사했고, 어머니는 1943년 아우슈비츠에 있는 나치 강제수용소에서 목숨을 잃었다. 이 사건은 페렉의 생 전체에 깊은 영향을 남겼다. 부모를 잃은 후에는 고모에게 입양되어 자랐다. 1954년 소르본 대학에 입학했지만 중도에 그만두었고, 《누벨 르뷔 프랑세즈》, 《파르티장》 등의 잡지에 기사와 문학비평을 기고했다. 군 복무 후 파리에 있는 국립과학연구소 신경생리학 자료 정리자로 일하며 꾸준히 글을 썼다. 1965년 프랑스의 소비사회를 묘사한 데뷔작 『사물들』로 르노도상을 탔다.
페렉은 1967년 실험 문학 그룹 울리포(OuLiPo)에 가입했다. 1960년에 결성된 울리포의 구성원은 주로 작가, 수학자, 화가 등이었으며, 이들의 관심사는 문학의 “형식적 제약”이었다. 형식적 제약이란, 일정한 제약이 예술적 상상력을 자극하여 풍요로운 작품을 낳게 한다는 울리포의 중심 개념이다. 페렉은 울리포의 실험 정신으로부터 깊은 영향을 받아, 작품마다 새로운 형식의 글쓰기를 시도한다. 그중 알파벳 e가 없는 단어로만 쓴 작품 『실종』(1969)과 모음 e만 사용해 완성한 작품 『돌아온 사람들』(1972)이 대표적이다. 1978년에는『인생 사용법』으로 메디치상을 탔다. 1982년 폐암으로 생을 마감했다.
『W 또는 유년의 기억』은 자서전과 허구적인 모험 이야기가 정교하게 얽혀 있다. 자서전 부분에서 화자는 주로 문자, 숫자, 몸에 남겨진 상처로 과거를 되새기며, 모험소설에서는 유대인 학살의 현장을 비유적으로 묘사한다. 유기적인 듯 단절적인 두 이야기는, 전쟁 때문에 부모를 잃은 작가의 경험을 떠올리게 한다. 이 작품은 작가의 전기적 요소와 독특한 형식 때문에 페렉 소설 중에서도 가장 자주 연구되었다.
[네이버 지식백과] 조르주 페렉 [Georges Perec] (해외저자사전, 2014. 5., 교보문고)
http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=2078127&cid=44546&categoryId=44546
Books
The most complete bibliography of Perec's works is Bernard Magné's Tentative d'inventaire pas trop approximatif des écrits de Georges Perec (Toulouse, Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 1993).
| Year | Original French | English translation | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1965 | Les Choses: Une histoire des années soixante (Paris: René Juillard, 1965) 김명숙 역 | 펭귄클래식코리아 | 2011.06.27, 2015.03.25 | Les choses: A Story of the Sixties, trans. by Helen Lane (New York: Grove Press, 1967); Things: A Story of the Sixties in Things: A Story of the Sixties & A Man Asleep trans. by David Bellos and Andrew Leak (London: Vintage, 1999) | |
| 1966 | Quel petit vélo à guidon chromé au fond de la cour? (Paris: Denoël, 1966) | Which Moped with Chrome-plated Handlebars at the Back of the Yard?, trans. by Ian Monk in Three by Perec (Harvill Press, 1996) | |
| 1967 | Un homme qui dort (Paris: Denoël, 1967) | A Man Asleep, trans. by Andrew Leak in Things: A Story of the Sixties & A Man Asleep (London: Vintage, 1999) | |
| 1969 | La Disparition (Paris: Denoël, 1969) | A Void, trans. by Gilbert Adair (London: Harvill, 1994) | |
| 1969 | Petit traité invitant à la découverte de l'art subtil du go, with Pierre Lusson and Jacques Roubaud (Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1969) | — | |
| 1972 | Les Revenentes, (Paris: Editions Julliard, 1972) | The Exeter Text: Jewels, Secrets, Sex, trans. by Ian Monk in Three by Perec (Harvill Press, 1996) | |
| 1972 | Die Maschine, (Stuttgart: Reclam, 1972) | The Machine, trans. by Ulrich Schönherr in "The Review of Contemporary Fiction: Georges Perec Issue: Spring 2009 Vol. XXIX, No. 1" (Chicago: Dalkey Archive, 2009) | |
| 1973 | La Boutique obscure: 124 rêves, (Paris: Denoël, 1973) | La Boutique Obscure: 124 Dreams, trans. by Daniel Levin Becker (Melville House, 2013) | |
| 1974 | Espèces d'espaces (Paris: Galilée 1974) | Species of Spaces and Other Pieces, ed. and trans. by John Sturrock (London: Penguin, 1997; rev. ed. 1999) | |
| 1974 | Ulcérations, (Bibliothèque oulipienne, 1974) | — | |
| 1975 | W ou le souvenir d'enfance (Paris: Denoël, 1975) W 또는 유년의 기억 이재룡(대학교수) 역 | 펭귄클래식코리아 | 2011.06.27 | W, or the Memory of Childhood, trans. by David Bellos (London: Harvill, 1988) | |
| 1975 | Tentative d'épuisement d'un lieu parisien (Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1975) | An Attempt at Exhausting a Place in Paris, trans. by Marc Lowenthal (Cambridge, MA: Wakefield Press, 2010) | |
| 1976 | Alphabets illust. by Dado (Paris: Galilée, 1976) | — | |
| 1978 | Je me souviens, (Paris: Hachette, 1978) | Memories, trans./adapted by Gilbert Adair (in Myths and Memories London: Harper Collins, 1986); I Remember, trans. by Philip Terry and David Bellos (Boston: David R. Godine, 2014) | |
| 1978 | La Vie mode d'emploi (Paris: Hachette, 1978) 인생사용법 김호영 역 | 문학동네 | 2012.06.29 | Life a User's Manual, trans. by David Bellos (London: Vintage, 2003) | |
| 1979 | Les mots croisés, (Mazarine, 1979) | — | |
| 1979 | Un cabinet d'amateur, (Balland, 1979) 김호영 역 | 문학동네 | 2012.01.10 | A Gallery Portrait, trans. by Ian Monk in Three by Perec (Harvill Press, 1996) | |
| 1979 | film-script: Alfred et Marie, 1979 | — | |
| 1980 | La Clôture et autres poèmes, (Paris: Hachette, 1980) – Contains a palindrome of 1,247 words (5,566 letters).[8] | — | |
| 1980 | Récits d'Ellis Island: Histoires d'errance et d'espoir, (INA/Éditions du Sorbier, 1980) | Ellis Island and the People of America (with Robert Bober), trans. by Harry Mathews (New York: New Press, 1995) | |
| 1981 | Théâtre I, (Paris: Hachette, 1981) | — | |
| 1982 | Epithalames, (Bibliothèque oulipienne, 1982) | — | |
| 1982 | prod: Catherine Binet's Les Jeux de la Comtesse Dolingen de Gratz, 1980–82 | — | |
| 1985 | Penser Classer (Paris: Hachette, 1985) 생각하기/분류하기 이충훈 역 | 문학동네 | 2015.10.30 | "Thoughts of Sorts", trans. by David Bellos (Boston: David R. Godine, 2009) | |
| 1986 | Les mots croisés II, (P.O.L.-Mazarine, 1986) | — | |
| 1989 | 53 Jours, unfinished novel ed. by Harry Mathews and Jacques Roubaud (Paris: P.O.L., 1989) | 53 Days, trans. by David Bellos (London: Harvill, 1992) | |
| 1989 | L'infra-ordinaire (Paris: Seuil, 1989) | — | |
| 1989 | Voeux, (Paris: Seuil, 1989) | — | |
| 1990 | Je suis né, (Paris: Seuil, 1990) | — | |
| 1991 | Cantatrix sopranica L. et aitres écrits scientifiques, (Paris: Seuil, 1991) | "Cantatrix sopranica L. Scientific Papers" with Harry Mathews(London: Atlas Press, 2008) | |
| 1992 | L.G.: Une aventure des années soixante, (Paris: Seuil, 1992) Containing pieces written from 1959–1963 for the journal La Ligne générale: Le Nouveau Roman et le refus du réel; Pour une littérature réaliste; Engagement ou crise du langage; Robert Antelme ou la vérité de la littérature; L'univers de la science-fiction; La perpétuelle reconquête; Wozzeck ou la méthode de l'apocalypse. | — | |
| 1993 | Le Voyage d'hiver, 1993 (Paris: Seuil, 1993) 김호영 역 | 문학동네 | 2014.09.25 | The Winter Journey, trans. by John Sturrock (London: Syrens, 1995) | |
| 1994 | Beaux présents belles absentes, (Paris: Seuil, 1994) | — | |
| 1999 | Jeux intéressants (Zulma, 1999) | — | |
| 1999 | Nouveaux jeux intéressants (Zulma, 1999) | — | |
| 2003 | Entretiens et conférences (in 2 volumes, Joseph K., 2003) | — | |
| 2012 | Le Condottière (Éditions du Seuil, 2012) | Portrait of a Man Known as Il Condottiere, translated by David Bellos (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014) | |
| 2016 | L'Attentat de Sarajevo (Éditions du Seuil, 2016) | — | |
Films
Un homme qui dort, 1974 (with Bernard Queysanne, English title: The Man Who Sleeps)
Les Lieux d'une fugue, 1975
Série noire (Alain Corneau, 1979)
Ellis Island (TV film with Robert Bober)
Biographies
Georges Perec: A Life in Words by David Bellos (1993)
Criticism
The Poetics of Experiment: A Study of the Work of Georges Perec by Warren Motte (1984)
Perec ou les textes croisés by J. Pedersen (1985). In French.
Pour un Perec lettré, chiffré by J.-M. Raynaud (1987). In French.
Georges Perec by Claude Burgelin (1988). In French.
Georges Perec: Traces of His Passage by Paul Schwartz (1988)
Perecollages 1981–1988 by Bernard Magné (1989). In French.
La Mémoire et l'oblique by Philippe Lejeune (1991). In French.
Georges Perec: Ecrire Pour Ne Pas Dire by Stella Béhar (1995). In French.
Poétique de Georges Perec: «...une trace, une marque ou quelques signes» by Jacques-Denis Bertharion (1998) In French.
Georges Perec Et I'Histoire, ed. by Carsten Sestoft & Steen Bille Jorgensen (2000). In French.
La Grande Catena. Studi su "La Vie mode d'emploi" by Rinaldo Rinaldi (2004). In Italian.
